Several Layer1 and Layer2 articles worthy of attention in the near future

At the moment when the application layer is far from being able to be hyped, the underlying network still has room for imagination. Solana, Avalanche and other previous-generation new public chains have not been accepted by everyone. Coupled with the efforts of Layer 2, the next-generation network will carry more expectations.

BlockBeats sorted out some relatively new networks, including Layer1 and Layer2, dedicated chains and applications Some ecosystems have begun to develop, while some protocols are still under development.

Linera

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Linera expects to bring the low latency and linear scalability of Web2 into Web3 Layer 1. The founder of the project is a former Meta software engineer, and there are also former Zcash researchers on the team. It has received a $6 million seed round of financing led by a16z.

In this project, two protocols, FastPay and Zef, are used for reference, trying to make the blockchain client communicate directly with the verifier Action to resolve latency issues. Abandon the "sequential" execution model, and develop a "concurrent" execution model that runs operations on different user accounts simultaneously in different execution threads to solve the linear expansion problem.

Aptos

Aptos Want to build a Layer 1 blockchain that focuses on security, scalability, and upgradeability. The main leaders of the team, Mo Shaikh and Avery Ching, also worked at Meta and were the main builders of Diem and Novi. As a heavyweight project, Aptos has received more financing, reaching US$200 million, led by a16z, and Tiger Global, Coinbase Ventures, Multicoin Capital, Three Arrows Capital, FTX Ventures and other well-known investment institutions participated in the investment. Even Binance Labs and payments giant PayPal have said they participated in the investment.

The project uses the Move programming language originally developed for Diem, which is more secure than the commonly used Solidity language. In terms of consensus, the Hotstuff consensus algorithm formed by the fourth iteration of Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT Consensus) is used. Blocks can be submitted with only two network round trips, and the final determination time is sub-second, and can be automatically updated without human operation Leader rotation. The protocol separates liveness from security, expecting to create a blockchain that can innovate quickly and be adaptable.

Sui

Sui Built by Mysten Labs, founded by 4 former Meta senior engineers. In December last year, Mysten Labs was led by a16z, and Coinbase Ventures, NFX, Lux Capital, etc. participated in the 36 million financing. Recently, it is seeking at least 200 million US dollars in financing. It has currently received 140 million US dollars led by FTX Ventures financial support.

Sui is a Layer 1 public chain project, the original Token is SUI, with a total supply of 10 billion pieces, which can be used to participate in PoS Staking, paying gas fees, supporting the Sui economic system, and participating in on-chain voting.

It is reported that its early data shows that it can process more than 120,000 transactions per second. Sui also uses the highly secure Move language. In the consensus protocol, two different methods are used to reach consensus according to different situations. For independent transactions, the Byzantine consensus broadcast algorithm is adopted, and the "transaction parallel" execution model is used. For transactions with affiliation, BFT consensus is used to achieve high throughput and low latency. And these two advantages can make it easy to build games, DeFi, business, social and other ecology on it.

Sei Network

Sei Network is a Layer 1 blockchain built using the Cosmos SDK and Tendermint with a built-in Central Limit Order Book (CLOB) module.

We know that order books can facilitate transactions quickly and efficiently, and are often used in large CEXs. Very difficult, requiring high transaction costs, slow execution, and possible pricing hurdles. However, there are not many order books on the existing chain, and they are all trade-offs between speed, efficiency and reliability.

Sei is a Layer 1 blockchain specially built for this purpose. Applications on it can be built on top of CLOB, and other Cosmos-based blockchains can also leverage CLOBs as shared liquidity centers to create markets for other assets.

As the infrastructure of DeFi products, Sei puts reliability, security and high throughput first, and the Applications will benefit from a dedicated built-in order book infrastructure, fast execution, deep liquidity and a fully decentralized matching service.

Rubix

Rubix It is a Layer 1 blockchain protocol for peer-to-peer data transmission and transactions, built by the Blockchain Association of Singapore (BAS), and recently announced that it has received a US$100 million investment from LDA Capital.

Its native Token is RBT, with a total supply of 51,400,000 pieces, which is used to motivate miners. Rubix adopts the "Proof-of-Pledge" (PoP) pledge proof consensus mechanism, which is a lightweight algorithm with high scalability, instant verification and transaction finality speed of 253.5M TPS.

Leverages the unused CPU capacity of laptops, desktops, and mobile devices to provide high scalability, eliminating double spending, Gas fees, latency issues, or network congestion issues. Use "non-linear secret sharing" encryption technology to ensure privacy and security. Both applications and enterprises can build subnets in it, and its flexible subnet architecture can also meet the needs of data-intensive application enterprises.

Celestia

Celestia is a Layer 1 modular blockchain network that powers scalable, secure Web3 applications. The project team has a strong lineup of members with extensive experience in building and scaling blockchains for projects such as Ethereum, Cosmos, and Harmony.

The CEO is not only a doctorate in blockchain scaling from University College London, but also a co-founder of Chainspace, which was acquired by Facebook. The CRO is the creator of Optimistic Rollups and a researcher at ConsenSys, and the COO is the co-founder of Harmony. There are also some engineers and supervisors who were core developers of Ethereum Classic, chief developers of ProximaX, Go Ethereum engineers, Oracle test engineers, Google software engineers, and former blockchain developers of Web3 Labs. They have experience in The Graph, ConsenSys, Luxoft , Celo and other companies working background. In March last year, the project received $1.5 million in seed round financing from Interchain Foundation, Binance Labs, Maven 11 Capital, KR1 and other investments.

Different from other public chains, Celestia proposed the concept of "module chain", which got rid of the restrictions of the previous single architecture, and now distinguishes Different modules of the settlement layer and the execution layer can be provided for developers to build flexibly and freely according to their own conditions.

Celestia nodes only need to organize transaction information and verify whether the published data is available without execution. Celestia does not have a smart contract environment on the chain, and all execution occurs outside the chain, through two key technologies of Optimistic rollups and Data availability proofs. Allows developers to define their own execution layer while using Celestia on-chain data and consensus. Moreover, Celestia can be extended to store large amounts of data and reach consensus without the need for nodes to download all data verification by themselves. Thereby achieving the separation of consensus and execution.

Celestia can scale with the increase of the number of light nodes, which is more flexible than traditional monolithic blockchains , security and scalability. The project plans to launch a testnet this year.

Portalverse

Portalverse Network is a decentralized cloud game metaverse network, recently completed a multi-million dollar seed round of financing invested by Big Brain Holdings, Cogitent Ventures, Octopus Venture Dao, and 2Moon Capital.

Incubated by NEAR ecology and Web3 infrastructure octopus network, the project adopts Proof-of-Streaming (PoSR) streaming cloud Rendering verification consensus protocol, providing MaaS (Metaverse as a Service) infrastructure for streaming games and interactive content, and creating cloud-native protocols.

In terms of the economic model, Portalverse converts high costs into the benefits of different participants in the ecosystem through the distribution and payment of Token. Users can set their game devices (graphics card and CPU) as nodes to participate in network construction, and will also get their Token POV as potential income.

One of the biggest bottlenecks in creating metaverse game surfaces is rendering. Portalverse provides a decentralized solution to solve Existing game problems, dedicated to building a distributed edge cloud rendering network with miners, content providers and player communities.

Canto

Canto It is a Layer 1 DeFi public chain. Built on the Cosmos SDK, developed by the Plex team. Most of the team members work in the traditional financial field, with a rich background in quantitative finance, data science, product management and development of high-frequency trading systems, and have worked in companies such as Meta, Optiver (top high-frequency trading company), Flexport and Microsoft work experience.

This project proposes a bold idea, which is to use the core components of DeFi as a free public infrastructure to promote the development of the DeFi field development, innovation. The original token of the project is CANTO, and the original stable currency is NOTE.

In its native DEX, the "stable + volatility" trading pair does not charge LP fees, and will not launch Token. In the lending market CLM, all the interest paid by the borrower will be handed over to the lender, and Canto still does not charge fees. CLM draws on Compound’s LP Token logic and is governed by CANTO Token pledgers. However, its NOTE’s stability mechanism is different from DAI. Users cannot mint it themselves, but can only borrow it through CLM to circulate in the market. It is somewhat similar to AAVE’s new stable currency . Canto expects to build an accessible, transparent, decentralized and free new system through this series of innovations.

Kujira

Kujira It is a new Layer 1 public chain of the Cosmos ecosystem, dedicated to building Dapps for ordinary encrypted users to balance the competitive environment of decentralized finance. According to its disclosure, the team consists of experts in finance, blockchain and software development.

Usually, in order to ensure the quality of the contract, it needs to pass the governance vote before it can be launched on Kujira. Currently, there are Beluga, Blue, Fin, Orca and Blockchain-Finder are built on top of it. Users can carry assets from 17 blockchains of the entire Cosmos through IBC/Bridge from Kujira's Blue, and in addition to Cosmos, the team pays special attention to using the Axelar bridge to transfer assets from Ethereum, Avalanche, Polygon, Fantom, Moonbeam, etc. Bridge to other digital assets. Blue also includes governance voting, simple swap, and more.

Kujira’s native Token is KUJI, and KUJI’s income-based staking rewards are different from other economic models. Except for KUJI, KUJI stakers will also receive other Token rewards on the chain. When Dapp earns income, KUJI stakers will also benefit.

FIN is its decentralized order book trading platform, Orca is a lending market, in addition, users can also See all your transactions, liquid assets and mortgage assets. Kujira is combining protocols, Dapps, and blockchains to build easy-to-use and cost-effective tools, positioning itself as a multi-chain decentralized exchange platform for the entire ecosystem.

Scroll

Scroll It is a Layer 2 Ethereum expansion network. It has received $30 million in Series A financing led by Polychain Capital, BainCapital Crypto, Robot Ventures, Geometry DAO and some members of the Ethereum community. Team member Sandy Peng graduated from the University of Cambridge. Co-founder Ye Zhang said that he was doing research in the direction of ZKP four years ago. Haichen Shen studied in Yaoban, Tsinghua University as an undergraduate, and graduated from the University of Washington with a doctorate. His research direction is biased towards the field of underlying systems.

In order to solve the current high gas fees and frequent congestion problems faced by Ethereum, everyone is trying to The settlement layer is placed on Ethereum, and the execution is transferred to Layer 2. Scroll uses zk-Rollup technology, which is recognized as the best expansion solution for Ethereum, which greatly increases the transaction speed while possessing the security of Ethereum. However, zk-Rollup is not friendly enough for developers. It needs to use a special programming language R1CS to write smart contracts, which increases the learning cost of developers. Moreover, it does not support composability and has limited functions.

Scroll plans to build an EVM-equivalent zkEVM, using zkEVM as its core component and supporting native EVM Verification, and application composability, make it easy to migrate existing Ethereum applications to this zk-Rollup.

Monad

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Monad was founded by Keone Hon, the former head of research at Jump Trading, after announcing his departure in April, and James Hunsaker, both of whom worked at Jump, in low-latency programming and systems engineering has extensive experience.

The Monad team believes that most developers use the EVM to build decentralized applications, and There are comprehensive tools (wallet, etc.) support. However, in the current blockchain, developers focus on instruction cost control, which largely limits their ability to build applications and makes computing extremely inefficient. So Monad wants to build a new EVM-compatible blockchain with high throughput, improve the execution efficiency of EVM on a large scale, and let developers focus on building the EVM ecosystem. Monads are expected to have over 1,000 times the throughput of Ethereum, enabling a wider range of more complex applications.

According to its disclosure, Monad Low-latency programming, compiler optimization, and multi-threaded computing will be used to build an ultra-high-performance smart contract platform to serve more people.

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