Deciphering the Future of Ethereum: Deep Dive into zkEVM, Modularity Layer, Middleware, L3

Original title: "Scaling, modularity and the question of blockchain longevity"

Original author: knower

Original compilation: Kxp, BlockBeats

Review

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There is a very tall building under construction near where I live and I love looking in that direction at night. It's because they haven't built the walls yet that I can appreciate the brilliant lights shining on each floor. The whole building looks like an industrialized Christmas tree, a symbol of the era we may be leaving, and now we are cautiously moving towards the era of the metaverse.

At the end of the 19th century, the first skyscrapers were built. At that time, the United States only had about 50 million citizens, which is a far cry from the 330 million in 2021. How has our society changed in these two hundred years? Nowadays, we walk between the virtual and the real every day—although we spend most of our time in the online world, our bodies are inseparable from the real world we know well. The ravages of the new crown epidemic have forced us to choose a digital life. We may have had enough of remote work, endless video calls and online shopping.

Many years later, when we look back at this period, we will certainly look back at the early Laugh like a computer or the Internet. You might think that life has mostly returned to normal since most of the world lifted the restrictions on the new crown, but some things don't seem right: Elon Musk is the boss of Twitter, Mark Zuckerberg is building a dystopia ( likely to fail), Jeff Bezos is spending millions of dollars on steroid injections - what the hell is going on?

Like I said before, we're in a weird middle where one side is completely The stage of metaverse globalization driven by techno-democracy, on one side is the pre-internet world characterized by dull, monotonous and fragmented material life. Even in cities, it’s hard to get back the feeling of the past—unless you’re young and living in a populous, culturally rich city (Miami, New York City, Chicago, etc.). I feel like a lot of what we've been doing is out of habit rather than enjoyment. Sure, going out to meet friends or hang out with office colleagues once in a while is fine, but most of the rest of the time we spend in the online world. So, where do we go from here?

Just like when the first skyscrapers were built, the 10-story building was built in the 19th century Chicago seemed out of place in 2010; so too are the artifacts of our digital age, selves, personalities, and devices, which are increasingly woven into our everyday lives.

If you've ever stepped out of your home, you know that these new constructions are a long way off Time is not uncommon - skyscrapers can be seen almost everywhere in the city. While some new things may feel strange now, technology will gradually become integrated into our way of life and become more natural, just as it has throughout the course of human history.

To use a corny analogy, if you go back 100 years and show someone They must have been intimidated by a smartphone that was more powerful than any technology at the time. They'd be shocked if you told them that almost every person on the planet has one, but we don't think there's anything unusual about it.

Perhaps in 100 years, someone from the metaverse will travel through time and space to tell us It's no surprise to explain wearing virtual reality glasses 20 hours a day. Of course, wearing virtual reality glasses to witness the birth of your first child is no surprise—how else would you meet your daily ad-watching goal?

I'll try to keep my story short, but the point is: just like skyscrapers are everywhere in city life The same will be true of all forms of technology, whether we're talking the Internet, Crypto, or artificial intelligence. Just as buildings evolved from single-purpose monolithic structures (housing, single business, manufacturing) to modular superstructures of urban revolution (multiple businesses in one skyscraper), so will Ethereum.

Do you remember how we got here?

In the latest cycle of Crypto, we have seen a large number of Alternative Layer 1 "Ethereum killers 『, attracted tens of billions of dollars in TVL and sparked a heated discussion on Twitter. VCs called them the saviors sent to save us from the evils of Ethereum. It has been quite a while. As a result, the ALT L1Token rallied a lot, the ecosystem flourished, and new Crypto users were able to participate in more transactions in this environment. But suddenly, everything came to a screeching halt.

Source: DeFiLlama

Observing the DeFi TVL of these ALT L1 ecosystems, we can find that when Layer 2 and modular-based teams continue to develop rapidly, these "Ethereum killers" have already Started to stop. Still, I'd say the ALT L1s aren't bad per se - most of them have innovative designs that could dominate a Crypto segment in the future. The problem is, they haven’t been able to attract Ethereum users and Ethereum’s major market share in DeFi TVL.

Ethereum is backed by more than 420,000 validators — the most ever distributed One of the greatest experiments in formulaic systems. This scale is unmatched by other ALT L1s, and even Solana can only come in second with 3400 validators.

Right now, this may not sound like a big deal, but one of the core tenets of Crypto is that Decentralization - Ethereum was created with security and decentralization in mind, and any alternative would have to prove it can outperform Ethereum on both counts.

In hindsight, another reason why ALT L1 failed is fairly obvious - money printing is over . During good economic times (early 2020 to early 2022), any inexperienced Crypto investor or trader can invest with confidence and be confident of at least a 5x return in a reasonable time frame. This situation fueled people's greed, so these ALT L1s began to take a sharp turn, and today's market environment is no longer suitable for their development.

Even if we have taken into account the shrinkage of the original Token, the TVL of these ALT L1 still appears suffered a serious decline. When we take a closer look at these ALT L1 ecosystems, the top 10 protocols are often a combination of 1 or 2 successful native applications, such as cross-chain versions of Uniswap/Aave type applications, or some useless but There are still "shell" apps with high user TVL. I believe that about 90% of developers will be actively developing on Layer 2 or Ethereum from now on, after all they have seen how Arbitrum and Optimism have performed against Ethereum killers in recent months.

Source: DeFiLlama

These L2s have even successfully built user communities, which is one of the important reasons why ALT L1 was able to achieve results before. The presence of community members has served as good publicity, and while not the most effective example of L2's rapid growth, it is also in stark contrast to the situation at ALT L1.

That's not to say they haven't found success elsewhere, as Polygon and Solana's next As evidenced by high-level business development and serious partnerships. In the next section, I'll talk more about Polygon, focusing specifically on its zkEVM and how it will compete with a host of other zkEVMs.

Now, it is time to focus on where we are today and what is to come Things are up. As it stands, Ethereum has completed its much-anticipated merger and has a series of upgrades (The Surge, Verge Purge, and the Splurge) planned for the next few years. The chart below nicely summarizes these upgrades in detail:

Source: Vitalik

Later in this report, I will introduce Some of these terms, notably sharding and EIP-4844, are small steps toward Ethereum's ultimate goal. As we can see from the graph below, the merged Ethereum is the only L1 that generates positive margins - no other chain can match (except BSC, but I'll let @0xGodking handle that).

Source: Bankless

More thankfully, developments around zkEVM, modular solutions, middleware and even L3 have seen a lot of progress over the past month Sweeping Twitter. I believe Ethereum will be the best blockchain with the lion's share of DAU and TVL for all Crypto applications that have and haven't yet. The purpose of this report is to explain why I feel this way, how these promising technologies work, and what this means for the average Crypto user as they spend the next few years using these techniques.

Explore technology

Assume that you are a fairly experienced Crypto user who spends time browsing Crypto Twitter every day. At the same time, you follow Inversebrah, Cobie, and Hentaavenger66, and consider yourself pretty good at handling the trials and tribulations of the nascent Crypto market. Maybe you made a lot of money in a bull market before and you're no longer doing that, but you keep your cool. In a bull market, you don’t need to have a deep understanding of how money is made to succeed; now, there’s not much you can do on Twitter.

Maybe you are working on a DAO or a new protocol that is about to be released Attract new users who simply want to recoup their lost revenue. Maybe you've tried researching something like MEV, only to find that you're not nearly as smart as the market would have you think. You may have a good understanding of what Optimistic or zero-knowledge Rollups are and why they are necessary, but may pass a lot of OP to another more decent user. Either way, you slowly realize that you don't have any advantage.

People keep tweeting about zkEVM and why they are the solution of the future, you agree And liked all their tweets. In the back of your mind, I know you're wondering why zkEVM has to exist, and why there should be more than two. I'm almost sure that you might be wondering why there is zkEVM if we already have Optimistic Rollup - Ethereum doesn't even have a chance to reach mass adoption in 5 years, so it's not clear to you why developers are thinking so far ahead.

Maybe you'll see people tweeting about concepts that don't make any logical sense. You ask yourself: "What the hell is data availability? Why are we suddenly worried about this? Isn't the problem about Ethereum's lower TPS? L2 handles execution and solves this problem, why should we worry about something that is not a problem at all?" If L2 is really that good, why do we need modular layers? If Ethereum is going to implement sharding, then what's the point that platforms like Celestia will be obsolete in a few years? Why are L2 developers working on Tweet about Validiums, Volitions and L3, if we haven't solved all our problems with L2?"

Trust me, the current state of Twitter for those who don't have the time or patience to dig through podcasts, medium articles, docs, and hundreds of twitter threads just to get some sort of answer to these questions Not ideal. I'm not saying we can't know everything right now, it's just that we don't yet have a repository of all the information to keep us updated on all the latest developments.

In fact, I am not an expert in this area, and I don’t know much about L2, L3, zkEVM , modular layers and complex middleware. So, I've done a lot of reading over the past few weeks trying to summarize the future of Ethereum, and it's not easy.

I know I'm going to make a lot of mistakes in this report, but I don't mind. I'm not an expert on scalability, crypto technology, advanced math, or know much about blockchains - I'm just a learner eager to help others understand how modular Ethereum changes everything. I hope that readers will comment on this article, or reply to my tweets, and point out as many mistakes as possible. The entire Crypto world will fairly benefit when we summarize information that is difficult to digest immediately in a form suitable for the average Crypto user (like myself).

ZK Rollup and zkEVM

We all know what EVM is, but what about zkEVM? In simple terms, zkEVM uses ZK-SNARKS to create proofs of validating Ethereum transactions, and its goal is to use Zero-Knowledge Rollup (ZKR) to execute. I've discussed zero-knowledge proofs before, so I'll spare some of the details today. For example, zero-knowledge proof is to ensure that when two parties (the prover and the verifier) conduct transactions, the information can be proved without being disclosed.

Zero-knowledge proofs are superior to fraud proofs utilized by Optimistic Rollup (OR) because they are more Smaller (less intensive), more efficient. Fraud proofs require "observers" to keep an eye out for malicious behavior, while zero-knowledge proofs rely solely on mathematics, cryptography, and perhaps development teams relying on Red Bull to provide faster execution and cheaper transactions.

As Alex Connolly writes in this excellent report, the evolution of zkEVM has less to do with EVM compatibility than with Ethereum's unique tools, some of which include Solidity (a programming language) and Ethereum's Token standards (ERC20 and ERC721). Connolly mentioned in the article that Polygon successfully played the utility of Ethereum tools, saving the trouble of developing tools from scratch like Solana or Near.

EVM is the most widely used runtime (runtime) environment, so why should we invent What about the new mechanics? Optimism is a good example, as they have been developing their own runtime environment, the Optimism Virtual Machine (OVM), and had problems creating a transcoder from OVM to EVM. I don't know the details, so here I put a post from @jinglejamOP tweets.

At In a Mirror article, Optimism said: "We've learned about the relationship between scalability and developer experience — stop meddling and make Ethereum work." So Optimism will launch Cannon, which is an EVM-Equivalent false proof.

Vitalik at This article talks about our four existing zkEVMs.

Source: Vitalik Buterin

These include Ethereum-Equivalent, EVM-Equivalent, EVM-Compatible and Solidity Compatible, but what are the differences between them? The first is Ethereum-Equivalent zkEVM, which is actually identical to Ethereum in almost every way (called the first type zkEVM). However, it is not very practical yet, because the team is still working on how to solve the gap between the third type and the second type zkEVM , but despite this, first-class zkEVMs are quite attractive in theory and may one day become a reality. One of several disadvantages of first-class zkEVMs is the longer time it takes to produce these blocks.

Next, we will introduce EVM-Equivalent zkEVM. The second type of zkEVM can run faster than the first type , because it abstracts away Ethereum's processes that are not necessary for their goals. Scroll is an example of the second type of zkEVM because it follows Ethereum's approach exactly, the only difference being the runtime The environment is different (zkEVM vs. EVM). How does Scroll do this?

According to the According to the team's this post, Scroll consists of 3 different parts: Scroll Node, Roller Network and Rollup / Bridge Contracts. As I mentioned before, Scroll differs from Ethereum in the way it handles opcodes (instructions for performing various operations through code). To break through this barrier, Scroll is "building application-specific circuits (ASICs) for different DApps", to interface with their zkEVM runtime. It's a daunting task, but I'm sure they'll be up to the challenge.

Another second type of zkEVM was developed by Polygon, who recently announced the launch of a testnet. While similar in architecture to Scroll, Polygon zkEVM adds an extra step where they will send EVM opcodes through zkProver, stating: "EVM bytecodes can be interpreted using a new zero-knowledge assembly language (or zkASM)

Source: Polygon Documentation

Scroll does not require an extra layer when processing EVM opcodes, while Polygon zkEVM adds for convenience An extra step, though some compatibility may be sacrificed in the process. Both teams are hard at work, and I'm eager to see how they fare when fully launched.

The difference between the second and third zkEVM is not clear enough, mainly because People have different opinions on the classification of Scroll and Polygon zkEVM. Therefore, I'll jump straight to zkSync and Starkware, two high-performance Solidity-Compatible (fourth class) zkEVMs.

The fourth type of zkEVM is very different in structure from Ethereum, which provides the highest performance , but with it comes lower compatibility. As you probably know, zkSync is gearing up for a full alpha test release (maybe a token), while the Starknet mainnet is live with restrictions on ETH deposits.

Source: Matter Labs

Although Starknet does not currently support Solidity, it can solve this problem with the help of Nethermind Transpiler. Solidity code is ported to Cairo, a programming language created by StarkWare, through this transpiler, and these ported codes are then run through the Cairo zkEVM. Solidity is the most popular smart contract development language, so Starknet is also more convenient for developers to use and improves the specific performance of the fourth type of zkEVM.

Alex Connolly mentioned that one of the problems with Starknet is that most programs available today use Cairo, which may cause concern for future developers writing in Solidity. Although this may be a problem of "the boat will be straight when it reaches the bridge", it still deserves our attention.

zkSync operates quite similarly to Starknet's, with a few key differences. Just like Starknet, zkSync converts Solidity to Yul, then pipes it to its LLVM compiler, and finally into its custom virtual machine SyncVM, or ZincVM. Either way, these processes are far from being 1:1 compatible with Ethereum, but in this 0 and 1 world, speed is key.

A common feature of the fourth type of zkEVM is their "zkification" of the EVM. With zkSync and Starknet, they de-emphasize the complex process of fine-tuning the EVM so that it works in harmony with zero-knowledge proofs. By making their own zkEVM, they can find their own solution while improving performance.

Time will tell which type of zkEVM is best, all we have to do now is wait .

Validium and Volition

This part is relatively complicated, but I promise everyone can understand it in the end. Below I will introduce Validiums and Volitions, which are the next phases of ZKR (like Starknet and zkSync).

Validium is essentially a ZKR, but with one key difference - data availability is in Processed off-chain, rather than on-chain, and possibly using a Data Availability Committee (DAC). But why do we need to adopt Validiums? How does it combine with L2? For starters, the chart below by Starkware provides a good overview of the many possibilities for the future development of Starknet.

Source: Starkware

As you can see, Starknet (ZKR) acts as a L2 node connected to an L3 node - StarkEx is an example of Validium that can generate STARK proofs L3 nodes (depending on the type, the proposed TPS is between 12,000-500,000), which can then be sent to Starknet for verification. Validium is an application-specific rollup, and if you're familiar with ImmutableX or dYdX, you probably know it too. Validium can only provide a single verification, making transactions cheaper and faster, and greatly improving the TPS of standard ZKR. The image below vividly demonstrates the potential of L3 - it inspired me to work on L2 not too long ago.

Source: Matter Labs

As you can see, ZKR is 4 times faster than OR, while 'zkPorter' like the zkSync proposal even Can be 10 times faster than ZKR. zkPorter is also a Volition, an L3 proposed by Matter Labs for zkSync, and it also operates like StarkEx through its off-chain behavior. The only downside of L3 is less security and lack of shared liquidity, but it is still more secure than ALT L1 - how is this possible?

Ethereum's L2 shares security with mainnet Ethereum, but L3 is a bit detached from this L1. Since these funds in Validium are stored off-chain, the availability of data is abstracted from ZKR, so users' funds are basically completely at the discretion of the operator. In this post, Matter Labs stated: “The zkPorter account’s Data availability will be guaranteed by zkSync Token holders (called guardians)", and Alex Gluchowski Said: "StarkEx mitigated by introducing a permissioned Data Availability Committee (DAC)."

Based on these two mechanisms, you can infer that the permission set of eight people (StarkEx) and the slashing mechanism for dishonest operators (zkPorter) increase the trust assumption that users choose higher on Validium These assumptions must be taken into account when considering higher throughput and lower transaction costs.

As you can see from the articles and blogs I linked to, any Forming a concrete opinion on things is very difficult - mainly because the situation is so fluid that it is difficult for us to keep up to date with the latest information.

At the end of this section, I'll definitely talk about Volition. We don’t need to give a clear definition to Volition, it’s basically a hybrid solution between ZKR and their respective validity periods, allowing users to choose how they prefer access. The advantage of Volition is that applications no longer need to choose between a) the added security of ZKR or b) the more customizability and higher throughput of Validium.

A concrete example of Volition is Adamantium, an off-chain DA solution proposed by StarkWare , users can choose to manage their data availability. It should cost a bit more than the alternative of letting StarkEx's DAC handle data availability, but it's more practical for users looking to increase the security of their funds. Below is an image provided in this article that explains Adamantium's mechanics in depth.

Source: StarkWare

In the next few years, I expect zkSync and Starknet to absorb OR's market share and continue to compete for #1 positions until one of them eventually wins. I'm looking forward to the ZKR release as I think there's a fairly easy pair trade that can be said to be a foreshadowing.

Modular Layer

In order not to make this report too long, I will only talk about two module layers: Celestia and Fuel. In this article, Fuel defines the modular layer as "A Verifiable Computing System Designed for Modular Blockchain Stacks". Fuel was originally developed as a Rollup and later transformed into the first modular execution layer.

Before you ask why we need a modular execution layer, or why Fuel is a great Before addressing this question of technology, let’s recall how ALT L1 became popular due to Ethereum’s increasing congestion and consequently rising transaction costs. Many people refer to this as an "execution bottleneck", which L2 temporarily solves. In a post-consolidation world, Ethereum has set its sights on solving what it calls the “data availability bottleneck.” At this point, Ethereum is sitting on its laurels. We are in the middle (or beginning) of a bear market, transactions on mainnet are affordable most of the time, and OR is getting a lot of attention. So, what is the problem?

According to Blockworks Research's article (which I'll get to next), Ethereum's current data bandwidth is only 80kb/s. With Eigenlayer, Ethereum can increase its bandwidth by a factor of 200 to 15mb/s - quite a huge increase. Data availability is a very important topic, because upgrades like EIP-4844 will hopefully fully enable Ethereum's sharding, which is also defined as "ProtoDanksharding". While sharding is still a long way from being implemented directly in Ethereum, Proto-Danksharding adds a new transaction primitive, "transactions with blobs". With L2 about to be the future of Ethereum, instead of adding room for transactions, we should have more room for data.

EIP-4844 highlights the fact that execution bottlenecks are far less of a concern in the past— — Now is the time to focus on data availability bottlenecks. Let's see how Celestia will help with this:

Celestia is a modular data Usability and Consensus Layer, whose team recently announced that it raised $55 million from prominent investors such as Polychain Capital and Bain Capital — a considerable amount for a bear market. Through "Data Availability Sampling", Celestia can provide non-sharded blockchains with the power of sharding through data availability proofs. I've mentioned the word Proof too many times, from now on I'll also refer to Data Availability as DA.

Celestia will allow L1 or L2 to plug into this DA sampling system and offload the task of managing the DA, Make Rollup and L1 chains more efficient and able to scale in time as the number of Crypto users grows.

Source: Celestia

As you can see, the DA layer is very similar to the L2, both can operate as an execution layer, which enables Ethereum breaks away from the shackles of monomer chains and becomes more free in a modular way. Celestia stands out because it is built with the Cosmos SDK, making it compatible with application-specific blockchains. In the future, it is likely that Celestia will become able to horizontally integrate with every running existing blockchain, generating large revenues from each blockchain's transactions. Sounds great to me.

In the short term, I have no doubt Celestia will be widespread in every major L2 Use, as there is little harm in doing so. Celestia even defines this phenomenon as the creation of "sovereign Rollup"--one that only needs the Ethereum mainnet for settlement L2. This is slowly becoming a reality as L2 is growing into a separate ecosystem and community, distinct from Ethereum.

The reason why I didn't talk about Fuel anymore is because I have to explain the modular execution layer importance. Fuel can improve the execution ability of Rollup through the decoupling of calculation and verification. Typically, validators handle these two processes themselves - applying state adjustments and confirming the validity of state adjustments, slowing down the process. So Fuel hopes to speed things up.

Source: Fuel

Like I said, adding a modular execution layer does not pose a threat to L2 technological progress. In my opinion, it's actually a good thing.

If L2s were bad, no one would develop software to optimize them. The development and eventual release of Fuel demonstrated that L2 had the potential to defeat ALT L1, while also making the case for a modular Ethereum. Fuel consists of three parts: the Fuel VM, the Sway programming language, and parallel transaction processing. If you've looked closely at Aptos, you might recognize the last term because they applied a very similar mechanism that successfully increased throughput and improved efficiency.

Fuel's currency model is very similar to Celestia's.

L1, L2, sidechains and everything in between can be plugged into Fuel's framework, thereby improving execution and giving some of the fee income back to Fuel. Fuel is able to achieve increased execution by "separating the resource-intensive functions of execution from powerful block producers." As mentioned earlier, this is an important separation between computation and verification. Fuel uses fraud/validity proofs to avoid malicious behavior, this is the famous slashing mechanism, which I hope you are familiar with by now.

In general, modularity layers like Celestia and Fuel aim to improve monolithic Blockchain functionality and push it into a fully modular future. Even better, these protocols may issue tokens for airdropping to beta users. However, I'm just guessing.

Middleware

Speaking of middleware, I added this section only because of a special protocol - Eigenlayer. While they don't have any documentation yet (aside from a few mind-blowing research papers), I've gotten a pretty good idea of what's possible with Eigenlayer by sifting through Twitter feeds.

Source: @salomoncrypto on Twitter

Eigenlayer introduces a concept called "re-staking" which essentially allows users to The pledged ETH is deposited into the Eigenlayer contract to improve the capital efficiency of pledged ETH (such as stETH or rETH). From here, Eigenlayer can use re-pledged ETH to stake basically anything, whether it's an oracle, a sidechain, or a cross-chain bridge. For more details, see the aforementioned Blockworks article and Links to the Eigenlayer website for further reading.

While restaking ETH may sound dangerous, it's not what you think. The ETH you stake validates Ethereum, earning you money in the process, and you can spend it anywhere. It's highly liquid, and basically every application supports liquid collateralized derivatives of ETH because it's deeply rooted in Crypto at this point. If you're skeptical, just look at Lido's TVL.

In short, the re-pledged ETH will enter the Eigenlayer contract and can now be used for mortgage or verification ( Not sure about the correct term) what you want. Eigenlayer even developed their own DA solution (EigenDA), which may become their most popular product in their early days. Cosmos is implementing what it calls shared security, a protocol upgrade that helps Cosmos Lisks secure their network without incurring high costs. For a very long time (until today), ATOMs had almost no use. Once the shared security goes live, ATOMs can be used to validate application chains in the expanding IBC ecosystem.

With the power of Eigenlayer, we can create sidechains or new L1, this all comes with the added benefit of shared security. I imagine someone will build an oracle to challenge Chainlink, backed by ETH and built with a powerful Eigenlayer stack, we will have to wait and see.

Looking to the future

I was going to talk about the implications of all this in this part, but I think that's covered in the 5000 words I've written. If you can't tell, I'm very bullish on Ethereum's future and modularity. While other L1s may be able to do better in specific areas (NFT, GameFi), I think Ethereum will win out because of its ability to be a well-rounded player.

I don't know if every big country will adopt Ethereum as its global payment system.

I don't know if Ethereum will double 100x from here.

I don't know if L2 will replace Ethereum and have much lower revenue than mainnet, otherwise it will be a monolithic chain.

So what do I know?

What I want to say is that if you are long any other ALT L1 Token, the goal is to make the aforementioned L1 Beating Ethereum in the long run would be pretty stupid and in my opinion makes no sense. I think modularity as a concept and various other modularity layers like dYmension and Saga will spread to other blockchains as they struggle to compete with Ethereum's growing moat.

For now, most blockchain activity is focused on Ethereum, and this This trend will continue. I can't give any opinions on what types of use cases Crypto will have next, but I want to say that DeFi is the coolest use case we have right now: it reduces L2 transaction costs, improves Ethereum's security, and is practical. become stronger and stronger. In this way, users will gradually choose to leave traditional banks, no matter where they are located.

< p>I hope this report is technical enough, but at the same time, I hope it will provide some ideas for people to explore everything related to Ethereum and scalability. If this helps you, please consider sending a tip to knowowerofmarkets' make-it fund (you don't have to, of course): 0xA4BA02A9771d528496918C8d63c6B82Bf14f7E2D. Finally, I sincerely thank you all for reading.

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