Original Title: "The Most Beginner-Friendly Fusaka Explanation: Ethereum Upgrade Implementation and Ecosystem Impact Fully Analyzed"

Original Source: DeepTech TechFlow

The Ethereum spot ETF saw net inflows again last week after a weak performance, and market sentiment is gradually improving. Ethereum's next upgrade is already on its way.

Looking back in history, almost every technical upgrade has acted as a catalyst for price, with on-chain performance improvements directly reflected in ETH's valuation expectations post-upgrade.

And this time, the upcoming Fusaka Upgrade scheduled for December 3rd, has a broader scope and deeper impact.

It is not just an efficiency optimization but a significant upgrade to the entire Ethereum mainnet: Gas costs, L1 throughput, L2 capacity, node thresholds... almost every core metric determining network vitality has taken a huge step forward.

If past upgrades made Ethereum "cheaper" or "faster," the significance of Fusaka lies in making Ethereum more scalable and sustainable.

As protocol functionality becomes increasingly complex, the demand for underlying chain capacity skyrockets, and in the current rise of AI Agents and high-frequency interactive DApps, this upgrade will directly impact Ethereum's position in the next wave of Web3 applications.

So, what has it changed exactly? If you want a quick overview, here is a graphical representation of all the core changes brought by the Fusaka Upgrade:

Next, we will provide an educational overview of the core logic of the Fusaka Upgrade from both a technical perspective and its practical impact.

This is by no means a technical report only for developers. We will explain in a way that even technical newbies can easily understand, taking you through the key changes behind this upgrade. If you are not interested in the operational mechanism, you can directly skip to the latter part to see how this upgrade will impact the Ethereum ecosystem and the experience of every user.

Fusuka Core Upgrade: Further Scalability

The following technical improvements have one core purpose: to achieve further scalability while ensuring security and decentralization.

PeerDAS: From Full Storage to Sampled Verification

Blob is a new type of data block in Ethereum that stores a large amount of on-chain data, packaging Layer 2 transactions into a "big box," similar to how a delivery company transports a large number of parcels in one go, efficiently uploading them on-chain without permanently occupying storage space.

Prior to the Fusaka upgrade, each node had to validate data by fully storing each package like a delivery company, resulting in overloaded warehouses, tight bandwidth, and escalating node costs.

PeerDAS has proposed a more elegant solution: no longer storing everything locally but instead using network-wide sharded sampling.

1. Storage: Each blob is divided into 8 parts, and each node randomly stores only 1/8, with the rest distributed and saved by other nodes.

2. Verification: Through random sampling verification, the error probability is reduced to between 10²⁰ and 10²⁴. Nodes can quickly retrieve missing fragments using erasure coding to effortlessly reconstruct the complete data.

While this may sound simple, it is a significant improvement in data availability. This actually means:

· Node burden reduced by 8 times;

· Network bandwidth pressure drastically reduced;

· Storage transitioning from centralized to distributed, further enhancing security.

Blob Pricing Mechanism

In the Dencun upgrade, Ethereum introduced blob, allowing Rollups to upload data at a lower cost. Its fee is dynamically adjusted by the system based on demand. However, some limitations have arisen in practice:

When demand plummets, the fee nearly drops to zero, failing to reflect actual resource usage.

When demand skyrockets, blob fees are instantaneously raised, causing a surge in Rollup costs and block delays.

The severe fluctuations actually stem from the protocol's inability to perceive the complete price structure and instead adjust prices based on short-term "consumption."

The EIP-7918 in the Fusaka upgrade is designed to address the issue of volatile fees. The core idea is to no longer allow the Blob fee to fluctuate without limit but to instead set a reasonable price range for it.

It adds a layer of minimum reserve price to the pricing system:

· When the price falls below the execution cost threshold, the algorithm will automatically brake to prevent the fee from being pushed to nearly zero;

· At the same time, it limits the rate of fee adjustment during high load to prevent fees from skyrocketing endlessly.

Another EIP-7892 makes Ethereum more Layer2-friendly. It allows the network to dynamically adjust the blob's capacity, quantity, and size like turning a dial. There is no need, as before the upgrade, to initiate a full hard fork for parameter adjustments.

When L2 requires higher throughput or lower latency, the mainnet can respond instantly to match these demands, significantly enhancing the system's flexibility and scalability.

Security and Usability

Security

Scaling Ethereum to process more transactions also enlarges its potential attack surface. DoS attacks, or Denial of Service attacks, can cause network congestion, transaction delays, or even node failures, significantly degrading the user experience and security of the entire chain.

Ethereum has always had a strong DoS-resistant design. These improvements are not to fix vulnerabilities but to add an extra layer of protection on top of the existing security framework.

In simple terms, if Ethereum is a highway, Fusaka's four EIPs are like simultaneously regulating speed (EIP-7823), weight (EIP-7825), toll fee (EIP-7883), and length of vehicles (EIP-7934) on the highway. This multi-dimensional control limits computational load, single transaction volume, operational costs, and block size, allowing the highway to accommodate increased traffic while enabling all vehicles to travel quickly, ensuring that Ethereum can scale while maintaining robustness, smoothness, and resistance to attacks.

Usability

For users, using the highway analogy again: in one sentence to understand pre-confirmation, it is like being able to reserve a parking space at the highway entrance, with the vehicle's exit time already locked in before entering the station, achieving almost instant confirmation upon block completion.

For Developers: Fusaka has optimized the execution environment: improving contract processing efficiency, reducing the cost of complex operations, while also supporting hardware keys, fingerprint, and mobile device login, simplifying account management and user interaction.

Real-world Impact

Setting the technology aside, how significant is the user experience and ecosystem change really? Just take a look at the chart:

Due to space limitations, here are some key points you might be interested in:

Staking Will Become More Secure and Stable

In the past, becoming an Ethereum validator was more like a professional sport - high hardware requirements, complex operational processes, and often days of data synchronization, all of which deterred ordinary users. The Fusaka upgrade is now truly ushering in the "era of the common man."

With the launch of the PeerDAS mechanism, nodes only need to sample download and store about 1/8 of the data segments when verifying blob data availability, significantly reducing bandwidth and storage costs. The result?

Prior to the Fusaka upgrade, according to the Ethereum.org official blog, a 32 ETH validator could stably run a node on a device with only 8 GB of memory. With the upcoming Fusaka upgrade, the bandwidth and storage requirements for validators will be further reduced. Let's look at the data:

· On the Fusaka testnet, the bandwidth required to become a validating node is about 25 Mb/s.

In fact, these device requirements are not high. After the Fusaka upgrade, under good and stable network conditions, more household devices will be able to run Ethereum validating nodes, enjoying native staking rewards.

Fusaka makes household-level nodes a reality - no longer just for professional operators, more consumer devices can join the network validation, collectively securing Ethereum and directly sharing staking rewards.

This is a true decentralization reinforcement. The lowering of the operational threshold means more independent validators joining, and with more validators comes a more stable, more resilient, more decentralized Ethereum.

From an investor's perspective, this is also an optimization of the staking risk structure: when validation nodes are no longer concentrated among a few large operators, the chain can maintain stability during high loads; volatility decreases, and the profit curve becomes smoother.

High-Frequency Interaction: Fusaka Opens the Era of "Real-Time Ethereum"

In the Web3 world, DeFi, payments, and AI Agents share a common bottleneck: they all require a real-time responsive network.

In the past, Ethereum has been secure but not smooth enough. With a block time of 12 seconds, it was sufficient for large-value transactions; however, for continuous instruction calls by AI Agents, and millisecond-level settlement for on-chain payments, this rhythm was clearly too slow.

Fusaka has changed everything.

Through PeerDAS, Gas limit scaling, and L2 cost reduction, Ethereum has become more suitable for hosting high-frequency interactive applications.

We may soon witness a more instantaneous and dynamic Ethereum ecosystem.

Let's delve into DeFi a bit further:

Fusaka not only increases throughput but also directly optimizes the operational experience of DeFi. Lending, synthetic assets, and high-frequency trading protocols can all "run faster and at a lower cost."

Here are a few examples of common protocols:

· Aave: Loan liquidation window shortened, liquidation fees reduced. This is due to the lower L2 deployment cost, enabling liquidation transactions to be packaged more quickly, reducing slippage and latency risks.

· Synthetix: Instant settlement time for synthetic assets reduced, contract interaction costs lowered. Increased Blob capacity removes restrictions on large contract calls, making fund transfers more efficient.

· High-Frequency DEX: Increased liquidity pool depth, significant slippage no longer occurs during large trades. The driving force behind this is the block Gas limit scaling and lower L2 deployment fees, significantly increasing liquidity utilization.

Conclusion

The upgrade brought by Fusaka has immense potential and may become the most ecologically driven upgrade for Ethereum since the Merge and Dencun, a third milestone-level upgrade.

From an 8x increase in on-chain data capacity, a sharp drop in transaction fees, a several-fold increase in throughput, to a lower validator threshold - all of these changes combined will unleash vitality in this new phase of the Ethereum ecosystem post the Fusaka upgrade.

Both you and I should carefully observe: After Fusaka, will Ethereum really usher in a brand-new growth cycle?

Original Article Link

Welcome to join the official BlockBeats community:

Telegram Subscription Group: https://t.me/theblockbeats

Telegram Discussion Group: https://t.me/BlockBeats_App

Official Twitter Account: https://twitter.com/BlockBeatsAsia